Purity
>95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.
Endotoxin Level
<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity
Measured by its ability of the immobilized protein to support the adhesion of Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cells. The ED 50 for this effect is 0.75-4.5 μg/mL.
Source
Human embryonic kidney cell, HEK293-derived Met1-Thr323
Accession #
N-terminal Sequence
AnalysisMet1 & Phe3
Predicted Molecular Mass
36 kDa
SDS-PAGE
42-51 kDa, reducing conditions
9064-GA |
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Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in MOPS, NaCl, EDTA, DTT and Trehalose. | ||
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 200 μg/mL in PBS. | ||
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. | ||
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Background: Galectin-9
Galectins comprise a family of multifunctional carbohydrate-binding proteins with specificity for N-acetyl-lactosamine-containing glycoproteins. At least 14 mammalian Galectins share structural similarities in their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD), forming three groups: prototype (one CRD), tandem-repeat (two CRDs), and chimeric (one CRD, unique N-terminus) (1, 2). Full length Galectin-9 is a widely expressed 39 kDa tandem-repeat Galectin that contains two CRDs connected by a linker region (3). Progressive deletion within the linker region generates a 36 kDa isoform, also known as Ecalectin or UAT, as well as a 35 kDa isoform (4). This recombinant protein corresponds to the Ecalectin isoform of human Galectin-9 and shares 70% and 73% aa sequence identity with the corresponding regions of mouse and rat Galectin-9, respectively. Galectin-9 exhibits a wide range of activities. All three isoforms function as eosinophil chemoattractants (5, 6). This activity is destroyed by thrombin-mediated cleavage within the linker region of the long isoform, although the Ecalectin isoform is resistant to thrombin (7). Galectin-9 binds to carbohydrate moieties of IgE, thereby preventing immune complex formation, mast cell degranulation, and asthmatic and cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions (8). Independent of its lectin properties, Galectin-9 induces the maturation of dendritic cells which promote Th1 polarization (9). Galectin-9 induces cellular apoptosis in part by direct binding to TIM-3 (10, 11). Its interaction with TIM-3 inhibits Th1 cell and CD8 + cytotoxic T cell responses and also promotes regulatory T cell differentiation and activity (11, 12). Galectin-9 suppresses tumor cell metastasis by interfering with the associations between hyaluronic acid and CD44 and between VCAM-1 and Integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (13). The Ecalectin isoform (UAT; urate transporter) can also be expressed as an integral membrane protein and mediate the cellular efflux of urate (14).
References:
Heusschen, R. et al. (2013) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1836:177.
Elola, M. T. et al. (2007) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64:1679.
Tureci, O. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:6416.
Chabot, S. et al. (2002) Glycobiology 12:111.
Matsumoto, R. et al. (2002) J. Immunol. 168:1961.
Sato, M. et al. (2002) Glycobiology 12:191.
Nishi, N. et al. (2006) Glycobiology 16:15C.
Niki, T. et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284:32344.
Dai, S.-Y. et al. (2005) J. Immunol. 175:2974.
Seki, M. et al. (2007) Arthritis Rheum. 56:3968.
Zhu, C. et al. (2005) Nat. Immunol. 6:1245.
Sehrawat, S. et al. (2010) PloS Pathogens 6:e1000882.
Nobumoto, A. et al. (2008) Glycobiology 18:735.
Leal-Pinto, E. et al. (2002) Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 283:F150.
Entrez Gene IDs:
3965 (Human); 16859 (Mouse)
Alternate Names:
Ecalectin; GAL9; gal-9; galectin 9; Galectin9; Galectin-9; HUAT; lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9; LGALS9; LGALS9A; MGC117375; MGC125973; MGC125974; Tumor antigen HOM-HD-21; urate transporter/channel protein
