• Purity

  >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to chemoattract 2-day cultured human monocytes. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 1‑5 ng/mL. Measured by its ability to chemoattract BaF3 mouse pro‑B cells transfected with human CCR5. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.1‑0.4 ng/mL.

• Source

  E. coli-derived Ala24-Ala93

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Ala24

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  7.8 kDa

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: CCL3L1/MIP-1 alpha Isoform LD78 beta

The macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha )/CCL3 and-1 beta (MIP-1 beta )/CCL4 are highly homologous CC family chemokines that were originally co-purified from medium conditioned by an LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line. Mouse MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta are encoded by their respective single-copy genes. In human, additional non-allelic MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta genes also exist (1 - 3).

The two human MIP-1 alpha genes arise by duplication/mutation. They code for MIP-1 alpha isoforms CCL3/LD78 alpha and CCL3L1/LD78 beta, which share 94% amino acid (aa) sequence homology. Whereas the human CCL3/LD78 alpha is a single-copy gene, the human CCL3L1/LD78 beta gene copy number varies within the population. Human CCL3L1/LD78 beta cDNA encodes a 93 aa residue precursor with a 23 aa residue signal peptide that is cleaved to generate a 70 aa mature protein. Human CCL3L1/LD78 beta binds and signals through chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5. When compared to CCL3/LD78 alpha, CCL3L1/LD78 beta has higher binding affinity to CCR5, which also functions as a coreceptor for HIV-1 entry. The copy number of CCL3L1 is one of several genetic determinants of HIV-1 susceptibility (4).

• References:

1. Menten, P. et al. (2002) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13:455.

2. Nibbs, R.J. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274:17478.

3. Xin, X. et al. (1999) FEBS Lett. 457:219.

4. Mackay, C.R. (2005) Trends in Molecular Medicine 11:203.

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  6349 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  C-C motif chemokine 3-like 1; CCL3L1; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 3,464.2; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like, centromeric; D17S1718; G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 19-2; G0S19-2; LD78 beta; LD78; LD78BETA; LD78-beta(1-70); MGC12815; MIP1 alpha Isoform LD78 beta; PAT 464.2; SCYA3L; SCYA3L1; small inducible cytokine A3-like 1; Small-inducible cytokine A3-like 1; Tonsillar lymphocyte LD78 beta protein