• Species Reactivity

  Human

• Specificity

  Detects human S100A8/S100A9 in direct ELISAs. In ELISAs, it detects recombinant human S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer but it does not detect recombinant human S100A8 or S100A9 monomers.    
   

• Source

  Recombinant Monoclonal Rabbit IgG Clone # 1099F

• Purification

  Protein A or G purified from cell culture supernatant

• Immunogen

  E. coli-derived recombinant human S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer    
  Met1-Glu93 (S100A8) & Thr2-Pro114 (S100A9)    
  Accession # P05109 (S100A8) and P06702 (S100A9)

• Formulation

  Supplied as a solution in PBS containing BSA, Glycerol and Sodium Azide. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.

• Label

  Unconjugated

Applications

• 
  

  Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Immunohistochemistry

  10-25 µg/mL

  See below

• 
  

• Immunocytochemistry

  3-25 µg/mL

  See below

• 
  

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Shipping

  The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. *Small pack size (SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at -20 to -70 °C

• Stability & Storage

  Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C, as supplied.

• 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after opening.

• 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after opening.

Background: S100A8/S100A9 Heterodimer

S100A8 (also known as MRP8, Calgranulin A, and CP-10) and S100A9 (also known as MRP14 and Calgranulin B) are pro-inflammatory members of the S100 family of secreted calcium binding proteins (1, 2). They are up-regulated in neutrophils and monocytes at sites of inflammation (  e.g. psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiac ischemia) and are present at elevated concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid (3-5). The 10 kDa human S100A8 and 14 kDa S100A9 each contain two EF‑hand calcium binding motifs. Human S100A8 shares 57% and 61% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat S100A8, respectively. Human S100A9 shares 57% and 62% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat S100A9, respectively (6, 7). In the presence of calcium or zinc, S100A8 and S100A9 associate into non-covalent homodimers and 34-35 kDa heterodimers with each other (8-10). The heterodimer additionally binds and sequesters manganese, thereby restricting the growth of Mn-dependent bacteria (11). The S100A8/A9 heterodimer exhibits functions beyond those performed by the individual proteins. These include binding to fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and promoting astrocyte proliferation (3, 12). S100A8, S100A9, and the heterodimer each promote neutrophil infiltration into sites of inflammation and inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes (4, 5, 9).

• References:

1. Averill, M.M. et al. (2012) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 32:223.

2. Vogl, T. et al. (2012) Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13:2893.

3. Siegenthaler, G. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:9371.

4. Sunahori, K. et al. (2006) Arthritis Res. Ther. 8:R69.

5. Volz, H.C. et al. (2012) Basic Res. Cardiol. 107:250.

6. Odink, K. et al. (1987) Nature 330:80.

7. Dorin, J.R. et al. (1987) Nature 326:614.

8. Teigelkamp, S. et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:13462.

9. Ryckman, C. et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170:3233.

10. Vogl, T. et al. (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1763:1298.

11. Damo, S.M. et al. (2013) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110:3841.

12. Ryu, M-J. et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:22948.

• Long Name:

  S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8/S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  6279 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  Calprotectin; S100A8/S100A9 Heterodimer