• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE with silver staining

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to induce IL-6 secretion by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.6-3 μg/mL

• Source

  E. coli-derived Pro2-Asp100

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Pro2

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  11 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  20 kDa, reducing conditions

Background: HMGN1

High-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1), also known as HMG-14, is a member of the family of non-histone chromosomal proteins that play important roles in chromatin remodeling (1, 2). HMGN1 contains an N-terminal domain that interacts with nucleosomes and a C-terminal domain that assists chromatin unfolding (2, 3). Human HMGN1 shares 80% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat HMGN1. Alternative RNA processing generates a long isoform with a 45 amino acid insertion following Met1 (4). The trafficking of HMGN1 between the nucleus and cytoplasm is regulated by its serine phosphorylation at multiple sites (5, 6). In the nucleus, HMGN1 preferentially associates with sites of chromatin remodeling and gene transcription, allowing it to modulate the expression of a wide variety of genes (7, 8). It contributes to DNA damage repair by directly associating with and activating the double strand break sensor PARP-1 (9). HMGN1 is additionally one of several alarmins, proteins that are normally intracellular but are released following tissue damage or necrosis (1). In this setting, HMGN1 promotes dendritic cell maturation, recruitment to sites of inflammation, and production of Th1 inflammatory cytokines (10). These pro-inflammatory activities are dependent on the direct association of HMGN1 with the TLR4-MD2 complex on dendritic cells (10, 11).

• References:

1. Yanai, H. et al. (2012) Trends Immunol. 33:633.

2. Gerlitz, G. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799:80.

3. Landsman, D. et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:16082.

4. Zougman, A. et al. (2008) Curr. Biol. 18:1760.

5. Louie, D.F. et al. (2000) Protein Sci. 9:170.

6. Pogna, E.A. et al. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799:93.

7. Cuddapah, S. et al. (2011) Mol. Cell. Biol. 31:700.

8. Kugler, J.E. et al. (2013) J. Biol. Chem. 288:16690.

9. Masaoka, A. et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:27648.

10. Yang, D. et al. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1799:157.

11. Yang, D. et al. (2012) J. Exp. Med. 209:157.

• Long Name:

  High Mobility Group Nucleosome Binding Domain 1

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  3150 (Human); 15312 (Mouse); 360704 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  FLJ31471; High mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 1; high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein 14; high-mobility group nucleosome binding 1; high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 1; HMG14; HMG14FLJ27265; HMGN1; MGC104230; MGC117425; non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14; nonhistone chromosomal protein HMG-14