• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE with silver staining.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to inhibit anti-CD3 antibody induced IL-2 secretion in human T lymphocytes. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.5-2.5 μg/mL.

• Source

  Mouse myeloma cell line, NS0-derived Ala27-Arg242 with a C-terminal 6-His tag

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Ala27

• Structure / Form

  Non-covalent dimer

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  25 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  33-41 kDa, reducing conditions

Data Images

Background: BTN1A1/Butyrophilin

Butyrophilin 1A1 (also called BTN1A1), a 55kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein, is a member of the Ig superfamily. BTN1A1 is 494 amino acids (aa) long and is composed of an extracellular domain (ECD) (aa 27-242), a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail (aa 270-526) which contains the B30.2 domain. The BTN1A1 ECD displays two predicted IgV and IgC domains as do B7 and Skint proteins which interact with other Ig superfamily members (1).The B30.2 domain of BTN1A1 binds to xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) (2). This interaction stabilizes the association of XOR with the milk fat globule membrane and appears to be essential in the control of milk fat globule secretion (3, 4, 5). Binding to XOR is conserved among BTN1A1 orthologs, but is not shared by BTN2A1 or BTN3A1 (2). The B30.2 domain of butyrophilins is also described as a sensor for detecting changes in intracellular phopho-antigen (pAg) concentrations. B30.2 binding to pAg induces a cascade of events leading to the activation of gamma δ T cells (6). In vitro, BTN1A1 has an inhibitory effect on CD4+ T cell proliferation, and in addition reduces expression of cytokines associated with T cell activation such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma (7, 8). Furthermore, in vivo, BTN1A1 has a protective effect against the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (9). The ECD of human BTN1A1 shares 68% aa sequence identity with both mouse and rat BTN1A1. Because butyrophilins are structurally related to B7 proteins and are functionally implicated in immune regulation, they may represent an emerging family of co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules.

• References:

1. Abeler-Dorner, L. et al. (2012) Trends Immunol. 33:34.

2. Jeong, J. et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284:22444.

3. Vorback, C. et al. (2002) Genes Dev. 16:3223.

4. Ogg, S.L. et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:10084.

5. Robenek, H. et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:10385.

6. Sandstrom, A. et al. (2014) Immunity 40:490.

7. Arnet, H.A. and Viney, J.L. (2014) Nat.Rev.Immunol.14:559.

8. Smith, I.A. et al. (2010) J.Immunol. 184:3514.

9. Mana, P. et al. (2004) J.Immunol. 16:489.

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  696 (Human); 12231 (Mouse); 306956 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  BTBTNbK14H9.2 (butyrophilin, subfamily 1, member A1); BTN; BTN1A1; butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1; butyrophilin, subfamily 1, member A1