• Purity

  >85%, by SDS-PAGE with silver staining

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to induce ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation in Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cells. 5-15 μg/mL of Recombinant Human TFF3 can effectively induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

• Source

  Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line, CHO-derived Glu22-Phe80 with a C-terminal 6-His tag

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Glu22

• Structure / Form

  Disulfide-linked homodimer

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  7.4 kDa

• SDS-PAGE

  7-11 kDa, reducing conditions

Background: TFF3

Trefoil Factor 3 (TFF3), also known as Intestinal Trefoil Factor (ITF) and P1.B, is one of three structurally related secreted proteins that contain trefoil domains. These domains adopt a three-leaved conformation held together by conserved intrachain disulfide bonds. TFF3 is an approximately 7 kDa peptide that plays an important role in epithelial regeneration and wound healing (1). It can form disulfide-linked dimers or associate into disulfide-linked complexes with the intestinal mucous proteins FCGBP and MUC-2 (2, 3). TFF3 is expressed by epithelial goblet cells in the respiratory tract, biliary and breast ducts, small and large intestine, and cardia of the stomach (4-8). Following secretion, TFF3 can be retained in the overlying mucous layer (7). TFF3 is also expressed by chondrocytes during bone development (9). Mature human TFF3 shares 76% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat TFF3. TFF3 is up-regulated in response to a range of gastrointestinal epithelial disruptions (8, 10). It promotes epithelial wound healing by inducing the migration of biliary, bronchial, and intestinal epithelial cells (5, 10-12). TFF3 up-regulation is associated with and enhances tumor cell invasion and metastasis (6, 13). It supports hypoxia-induced VEGF up-regulation in tumor cells and also promotes angiogenesis in non-tumor environments (14, 15). Over-expression of TFF3 in type 2 diabetic mouse liver has been shown to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (16).

• References:

1. Kjellev, S. (2009) Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 66:1350.

2. Albert, T.K. et al. (2010) J. Proteome Res. 9:3108.

3. Yu, H. et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6:e20334.

4. LeSimple, P. et al. (2007) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 36:296.

5. Nozaki, I. et al. (2004) Am. J. Pathol. 165:1907.

6. Ahmed, A.R.H. et al. (2012) Am. J. Pathol. 180:904.

7. Podolsky, D.K. et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:6694.

8. Peitz, U. et al. (2004) Peptides 25:771.

9. Bijelic, N. et al. (2013) Acta Histochem. 115:204.

10. Paulsen, F.P. et al. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283:13418.

11. Oertel, M. et al. (2001) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25:418.

12. Dignass, A. et al. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 94:376.

13. Rivat, C. et al. (2005) Cancer Res. 65:195.

14. Rodrigues, S. et al. (2003) FASEB J. 17:7.

15. Guleng, B. et al. (2012) Mol. Biol. Rep. 39:4127.

16. Xue, Y. et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8:e75240.

• Long Name:

  Trefoil Factor 3

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  7033 (Human); 21786 (Mouse); 25563 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  HITF, human intestinal trefoil factor10Intestinal trefoil factor; ITF; TFF3; TFI; trefoil factor 3 (intestinal)