• Species Reactivity

  Human

• Specificity

  Detects human HMGB1/HMG-1 in direct ELISAs and Western blots.

• Source

  Monoclonal Mouse IgG    _2B Clone # 115603

• Purification

  Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant

• Immunogen

  E. coli-derived recombinant human HMGB1/HMG-1    
  Gly2-Glu215 (predicted)    
  Accession # P09429

• Formulation

  Supplied in a saline solution containing BSA and Sodium Azide.

• Label

  Alexa Fluor 488

Applications

• Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Intracellular Staining by Flow Cytometry

  5 µL/10    ⁶ cells

  See below

• 
  

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Shipping

  The product is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.

• Stability & Storage

  Protect from light.    Do not freeze.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, 2 to 8 °C as supplied.

Background: HMGB1/HMG-1

Human High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), previously known as HMG-1 or amphoterin, is a member of the high mobility group box family of non-histone chromosomal proteins (1‑3). Human HMGB1 is expressed as a 30 kDa, 215 amino acid (aa) single chain polypeptide containing three domains: two N-terminal globular, 70 aa positively charged DNA-binding domains (HMG boxes A and B), and a negatively charged 30 aa C-terminal region that contains only Asp and Glu (4, 5). Residues 27‑43 and 178‑184 contain a NLS. Posttranslational modifications of the molecule have been reported, with acetylation occurring on as many as 17 lysine residues (6). HMGB1 is expressed at high levels in almost all cells (2, 4). It was originally discovered as a nuclear protein that could bend DNA. Such bending stabilizes nucleosome formation and regulates the expression of select genes upon recruitment by DNA binding proteins (1, 7, 8). It is now known that HMGB1 can also act extracellularly, both as an inflammatory mediator that promotes monocyte migration and cytokine secretion, and as a mediator of T cell-dendritic cell interaction (1, 4, 7, 9, 10). The cytokine activity of HBMG1 is restricted to the HMG B box, (3) while the A box is associated with the helix-loop-helix domain of transcription factors (11). HMBG1 is released in response to cell death and as a secretion product. Although HMBG-1 does not possess a classic signal sequence, it appears to be secreted as an acetylated form via secretory endolysosome exocytosis (6, 12). Once secreted, HMGB1 transduces cellular signals through its high affinity receptor, RAGE and, possibly, TLR2 and TLR4 (1, 3, 4). Human HMGB1 is 100% aa identical to canine HMGB1 and 99% aa identical to mouse, rat, bovine and porcine HMGB1, respectively.

• References:

1. Lotze, M.T. and K.J. Tracey (2005) Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5:331.

2. Yang, H. et al. (2005) J. Leukoc. Biol. 78:1.

3. Dumitriu, I.E. et al. (2005) Trends Immunol. 26:381.

4. Degryse, B. and M. de Virgilio (2003) FEBS Lett. 553:11.

5. Wen, L. et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1197.

6. Bonaldi, T. et al. (2003) EMBO J. 22:5551.

7. Muller, S. et al. (2001) EMBO J. 20:4337.

8. Bustin, M. (1999) Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:5237.

9. Wang, H. et al. (1999) Science. 285:248.

10. Dimitriu, I.E. et al. (2005) J. Immunol. 174:7506.

11. Najima, Y. et al. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280:27523.

12. Gardella, S. et al. (2002) EMBO Rep. 3:995.

• Long Name:

  High Mobility Group Protein 1

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  3146 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  Amphoterin; high mobility group box 1; High mobility group protein 1; high mobility group protein B1; high-mobility group (nonhistone chromosomal) protein 1; high-mobility group box 1; HMG1; HMG-1; HMG1DKFZp686A04236; HMG3; HMGB1; SBP-1; Sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate binding protein