• Species Reactivity

  Human

• Specificity

  Detects human GDF‑11/BMP‑11 in direct ELISAs.

• Source

  Monoclonal Mouse IgG    _2B Clone # 937320

• Purification

  Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant

• Immunogen

  E. coli-derived recombinant human GDF‑11/BMP‑11    
  Asn299-Ser407    
  Accession # O95390

• Formulation

  Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.

• Label

  Unconjugated

Applications

• Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Immunocytochemistry

  8-25 µg/mL

  See below

• 
  

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Reconstitution

  Reconstitute at 0.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS.

• Shipping

  The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. *Small pack size (SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at -20 to -70 °C

• Stability & Storage

  Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.

• 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

• 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: GDF-11/BMP-11

Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as BMP-11, is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily and is highly related to GDF-8. GDF-11 encodes a 407 amino acid (aa) prepropeptide which contains a signal sequence for secretion and an RXXR proteolytic processing site to yield a 109 aa residue carboxy-terminal mature protein (1). Mature GDF-11 contains the canonical 7-cysteine motif common to other TGF-beta superfamily members; however, like the TGF-beta s, Activins and GDF-8, GDF-11 also contains one extra pair of cysteine residues. At the amino acid sequence level, mature human, mouse, rat and chicken GDF-11 are 99-100% identical. GDF-11 and GDF-8 share 90% amino acid sequence identity within the mature protein. As detected by in situ hybridization, GDF-11 is expressed in diverse regions of the mouse embryo: tailbud, somitic precursors, limbs, mandibular and branchial arches, dorsal neural tube, odontoblasts, nasal epithelium, and particular regions of the brain (1, 2). Targeted deletion of GDF-11, in mice, results in a spectrum of abnormalities including palatal malformation, vertebral defects, elongated trunks with a reduced or absent tail, missing or malformed kidneys, and an increased number of neurons in the olfactory epithelium (2-5). GDF-11 signals through the Activin type II receptors and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 to mediate axial patterning (6). Systemic GDF-11 levels decline with age and administration of higher levels of GDF-11 can reverse age-related cardiac hypertrophy (7). In addition, systemic administration of recombinant GDF-11 protein restores genomic integrity and health of muscle stem cells, neurovasculature and enhances neurogenesis (8, 9).

• References:

1. Gamer, L.W. et al. (1999) Dev. Biol. 208: 222. 

2. Nakashima, M. et al. (1999) Mech. Dev. 80:185.  

3. Gad, J.M. and P.P.L. Tam (1999) Curr. Biol. 9:R783.  

4. McPherron, A.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 22:260.

5. Esquela, A.F. and S.J. Lee (2003) Dev. Biol. 257:356.

6. Oh, S.P. et al. (2002) Genes & Dev. 16:274.

7. Loffredo, F.S. et. al. (2013) Cell. 153.828.

8. Katsimpardi, L. et. al. (2014) Science (ahead of print).

9. Sinha, M. et. al. (2014) Science (ahead of print).

• Long Name:

  Growth Differentiation Factor 11

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  10220 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  BMP-11; BMP-11BMP11Bone morphogenetic protein 11; GDF11; GDF-11; growth differentiation factor 11; growth/differentiation factor 11