超便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪MINI-PAM

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Mini-PAM——外观Mini，但功能绝不Mini！
PNAS、Plant Cell、Plant Physiology等顶级期刊上经常见到它的身影
Schreiber教授因发明PAM系列调制叶绿素荧光仪而获得首届国际光合作用协会（ISPR）创新奖

1983年，WALZ公司首席科学家、德国乌兹堡大学的Ulrich Schreiber教授设计制造了全世界第一台调制荧光仪——PAM-101/102/103，并在植物生理、生态、农学、林学、水生生物学等领域得到广泛应用，出版了大量高水平研究文献。但该仪器比较笨重，不易带到野外。
1992年，Ulrich Schreiber教授设计制造了全世界第一台便携式调制荧光仪——PAM-2000（现已升级到PAM-2100），由于其既能在室内使用，也方便野外使用，因此在此后十几年中成为全球zei畅销的调制荧光仪。
1996年，WALZ公司在浓缩PAM-2000功能的基础上，设计制造了一台更加方便携带的超便携式调制荧光仪——MINI-PAM。该仪器对PAM-2000的功能进行了浓缩，更加适合野外操作，同时价格也更加便宜。

系统描述
MINI-PAM采用了独特的调制技术和饱和脉冲技术，从而可以通过选择性的原位测量叶绿素荧光来检测植物光合作用的变化。MINI-PAM的调制测量光足够低，可以只激发色素的本底荧光而不引起任何的光合作用，从而可以真实的记录基础荧光Fo。MINI-PAM具有很强的灵敏度和选择性，使其即使在很强的、未经滤光片处理的环境下（如全日照甚至是10000 μmol m-2 s-1的饱和光强下）也可测定荧光产量而不受到干扰。MINI-PAM是野外光合作用研究的强大工具。
超便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪MINI-PAM的特点在于快速、可靠的测量光合作用光化学能量转换的实际量子产量。此外，MINI-PAM秉承了WALZ公司PAM系列产品的一贯优点，通过应用调制测量光来选择性的测量活体叶绿素荧光。基于创新性的光电设计和高级微处理器技术，MINI-PAM在达到超便携设计的同时可以得到灵敏、可靠的结果。同时，MINI-PAM的操作非常简单。
测量光合量子产量只需一个按键（START）操作即可，仪器会自动测量荧光产量（F）和zei大荧光（Fm），并计算光合量子产量（Y＝ΔF/Fm），得到的数据会在液晶显示屏上显示同时自动存储。此外MINI-PAM还有许多模式（MODE）菜单，包括荧光淬灭分析（qP、qN和NPQ）和记录光响应曲线等，以满足用户的特殊需要。
连接光适应叶夹2030-B后，可以测量光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶片温度和相对电子传递速率（rETR）。内置电池可以满足1000次量子产量测量的需要，仪器内存可以存储4000组数据。
Windows操作软件WinControl可以进行数据传输、数据分析和遥控操作。
标准版的MINI-PAM采用红光作为测量光。根据用户需要，我们也可提供以蓝光（470 nm）作为测量光的MINI-PAM。

特点1）声誉卓著的PAM-2000的浓缩版
2）精巧、准确、迅速、操作简便的高级光合作用检测设备
3）可单机操作（采用内置电脑），可连接外置电脑操作（Windows操作软件WinControl）
4）超便携式设计，带液晶显示屏和8个按键
5）强大的数据收集、分析和存贮功能
6）能耗低，内置锂电池可满足长时间野外工作需要，并可连接外置12 V电池
7）多种叶夹可供选择，专利设计的光适应叶夹2030-B可同时记录PAR和温度变化
8）光源选择：自然光，内置光源（提供测量光、光化光和饱和脉冲），可选外置卤素灯光源（特别适合野外研究）
功能1）可测荧光诱导曲线并进行淬灭分析（Fo, Fm, Fv/Fm, F, Fm', ΔF/Fm’, qP, qN, NPQ, rETR, PAR和叶温等）
2）可测光响应曲线和快速光曲线（RLC）
3）51个内置模式菜单，方便参数设置和标准测量
4）可在线监测植物、微藻、地衣、苔藓等的光合作用变化
5）功能强大，特别适合野外操作，实验室内利用WinControl控制时可自编程序

应用领域
仪器设计特别适合野外使用，可用于研究光合作用机理、各种环境因子（光、温、营养等）对植物生理状态的影响、植物抗逆性（干旱、冷、热、涝、UV、病毒、污染、重金属等）、植物的长期生态学变化等。在植物生理学、植物生态学、植物病理学、农学、林学、园艺学、水生生物学、环境科学、毒理学、微藻生物技术、极地植物光合作用研究等领域有着广泛应用。

系统组成
MINI-PAM的基本组成包括主机（1）和光纤（2）。主机内置大容量可充电锂电池（12 V/2 Ah），可供长时间野外操作（约1000次量子产量测定）。标准系统还包括一个电池充电器（3）和一个“距离叶夹”（4），以及一个运输箱（5）。
可选附件包括：可在测量荧光参数的同时测量PAR和温度的光适应叶夹2030-B（6）；微型光量子/温度传感器2060-M（7），可用于测量非叶片状样品的PAR和温度；可安装2030-B或2060-M的三角架ST-2101A（8）；暗适应叶夹DLC-8（9），带滑片开关，重4 g；微光纤（10），可用于测量微型样品，或与便携式光合作用测量系统GFS-3000的叶室连用在自然光下同步测量气体交换和叶绿素荧光。

可与光合仪连用，同步测量气体交换和荧光
MINI-PAM可以利用微光纤与便携式光合作用测量系统GFS-3000连用，在完全不遮荫的自然光下同步测量气体交换与叶绿素荧光，特别适合野外生理、生态学研究。

技术参数测量光：红色发光二极管（LED），650 nm；标准光强0.15 μmol m-2 s-1PAR；调制频率0.6或20 kHz，自动转换。
光化光：卤素灯，8V/20W，蓝色增强，λ<710 nm，zei大连续光强6000 μmol m-2 s-1PAR。
饱和脉冲：卤素灯，8V/20W，蓝色增强，λ<710 nm，zei大饱和闪光强度18000 μmol m-2 s-1PAR。
信号检测：PIN-光电二极管，带短波截止滤光片（标准版：λ>710 nm；MINI-PAM/B：λ>650 nm）；选择性锁相放大器（专利设计）。
数据存储：CMOS RAM 128 KB，可存储4000组数据
测量参数：Fo, Fm, Fm’, F, Fv/Fm(max. Yield), ΔF/Fm’(Yield), qP, qN, NPQ, ETR, PAR和叶温等。
环境温度：-5～＋40℃，在极地研究中得到成功应用
部分文献


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2.Beniwal RS, Langenfeld-Heyser R, Polle A: Ectomycorrhiza and hydrogel protect hybrid poplar from water deficit and unravel plastic responses of xylem anatomy Environmental and Experimental Botany2010:in press.[MINI-PAM, HCM-1000]
3.Doyle SM, Diamond M, McCabe PF: Chloroplast and reactive oxygen species involvement in apoptotic-like programmed cell death in Arabidopsis suspension cultures. Journal of Experimental Botany2010, 61(2):473-482.[MINI-PAM]
4.Du N, Guo W, Zhang X, Wang R: Morphological and physiological responses of Vitex negundo L. var.heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd. to drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum2010:in press.[GFS-3000, MINI-PAM]
5.Fleck I, Peña-Rojas K, Aranda X: Mesophyll conductance to CO₂ and leaf morphological characteristics under drought stress during Quercus ilex L. resprouting. Ann For Sci2010, 67(3):308.[MINI-PAM]
6.Führs H, Behrens C, Gallien S, Heintz D, Van Dorsselaer A, Braun H-P, Horst WJ: Physiological and proteomic characterization of manganese sensitivity and tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa) in comparison with barley (Hordeum vulgare). Annals of Botany2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
7.Hasunuma T, Harada K, Miyazawa S-I, Kondo A, Fukusaki E, Miyake C: Metabolic turnover analysis by a combination of in vivo 13C-labelling from 13CO2 and metabolic profiling with CE-MS/MS reveals rate-limiting steps of the C3 photosynthetic pathway in Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany2010, 61(4):1041-1051.[MINI-PAM]
8.Ibaraki Y, Matsumura K, Gupta SD: Low-cost photochemical reflectance index measurements of micropropagated plantlets using image analysis Computers and Electronics in Agriculture2010, 71(2):170-175.[MINI-PAM]
9.Jin ZL, Zhang F, Ahmed ZI, Rasheed M, Naeem MS, Ye QF, Zhou WJ: Differential morphological and physiological responses of two oilseedBrassica species to a new herbicide ZJ0273 used in rapeseed fields. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
10.Jubany-Marí T, Prinsen E, Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L: The timing of methyl jasmonate, hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate accumulation during water deficit and subsequent recovery in the Mediterranean shrubCistus albidus L. . Environmental and Experimental Botany2010, 69(1):47-55.[MINI-PAM]
11.Kao W-Y, Lin B-L: Phototropic leaf movements and photosynthetic performance in an amphibious fern, Marsilea quadrifolia. Journal of Plant Research2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
12.Kontunen-Soppela S, Sillanpää M, Tuhkanen E, Sutinen S, Kangasjärvi J, Vapaavuori E, Häggman H: Photosynthetic characteristics in genetically modified sense-RbcS silver birch lines Journal of Plant Physiology2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
13.Liu F, Pang SJ: Stress tolerance and antioxidant enzymatic activities in the metabolisms of the reactive oxygen species in two intertidal red algae Grateloupia turuturu and Palmaria palmata Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2010, 382(2):82-87.[MINI-PAM]
14.Liu F, Pang SJ: Performances of growth, photochemical efficiency, and stress tolerance of young sporophytes from seven populations ofSaccharina japonica (Phaeophyta) under short-term heat stress. Journal of Applied Phycology2010, 22:221-229.[MINI-PAM]
15.Liu F, Pang SJ, Chopin T, Xu N, Shan TF, Gao SQ, Sun S: The dominantUlva strain of the 2008 green algal bloom in the Yellow Sea was not detected in the coastal waters of Qingdao in the following winter. Journal of Applied Phycology2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
16.Nikiforou C, Manetas Y: Strength of winter leaf redness as an indicator of stress vulnerable individuals in Pistacia lentiscus. Flora2010:in press.[MINI-PAM]
17.Pietrini F, Zacchini M, Iori V, Pietrosanti L, Bianconi D, Massacci A: Screening of Poplar Clones for Cadmium Phytoremediation Using Photosynthesis, Biomass and Cadmium Content AnalysesInternal Journal of Phytoremediation2010, 12(1):105-120.[MINI-PAM]
18.Sanches MC, Ribeiro SP, Dalvi VC, Junior MBdS, Sousa HCd, Lemos-Filho JPd: Differential leaf traits of a neotropical tree Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze (Lecythidaceae): comparing saplings and emergent trees Trees - Structure and Function2010, 24(1):79-88.[MINI-PAM]
19.Vervliet-Scheebaum M, Straus A, Tremp H, Hamer M, Maund SJ, Wagner E, Schulz R: A microcosm system to evaluate the toxicity of the triazine herbicide simazine on aquatic macrophytes. Environmental Pollution2010, 158:615-623.[MINI-PAM]
20.桂仁意, 刘亚迪, 郭小勤, 季海宝, 贾月, 余明增, 方伟: 不同剂量¹³⁷Cs-γ辐射对毛竹幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响. 植物学报2010, 45(1):66-72.[MINI-PAM]
21.Cela J, Arrom L, Munné-Bosch S: Diurnal changes in photosystem II photochemistry, photoprotective compounds and stress-related phytohormones in the CAM plant, Aptenia cordifolia Plant Science 2009, 177(5):404-410.[MINI-PAM]
22.Cela J, Falk J, Munné-Bosch S: Ethylene signaling may be involved in the regulation of tocopherol biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Letters2009, 583(6):992-996.[MINI-PAM]
23.Dai Y, Shao M, Hannaway D, Wang L, Liang J, Hua L, Lu H: Effect of Thrips tabaci on anatomical features, photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of Hypericum sampsonii leaves Crop Protection2009, 28(4):327-332.[MINI-PAM]
24.Dai Y-J, Shen Z-G, Liu Y, Wang L-L, Hannaway D, Lu H-F: Effects of shade treatments on the photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Environmental and Experimental Botany2009, 65(2-3):177-182.[GFS-3000, MINI-PAM]
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26.Kläring H-P, Zude M: Sensing of tomato plant response to hypoxia in the root environment Scientia Horticulturae2009, 122(1):17-25.[MINI-PAM]
27.Li X, Huang H, Lian J, Huang L, Dong J: Effects of the multiple stressors high temperature and reduced salinity on the photosynthesis of the hermatypic coral Galaxea fascicularis Acta Ecologica Sinica2009, 29(3):155-159.[MINI-PAM]
28.Moreira ASFP, Filho JPdL, Zotz G, Isaias RMdS: Anatomy and photosynthetic parameters of roots and leaves of two shade-adapted orchids, Dichaea cogniauxiana Shltr. and Epidendrum secundum Jacq. . Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants2009, 204(8):604-611.[MINI-PAM]
29.Ogawa T, Nishimura K, Aoki T, Takase H, Tomizawa K-I, Ashida H, Yokota A: pfkB-type carbohydrate kinase family protein, NARA5, for massive expressions of plastid-encoded photosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology2009, 151(1):114-128.[MINI-PAM]
30.Oh S-J, Kim YS, Kwon C-W, Park HK, Jeong JS, Kim J-K: Overexpression of the Transcription FactorAP37 in Rice Improves Grain Yield under Drought Conditions. Plant Physiology2009, 150:1368-1379.[MINI-PAM]
31.Okuda K, Chateigner-Boutin A-L, Nakamura T, Delannoy E, Sugita M, Myouga F, Motohashi R, Shinozaki K, Small I, Shikanai T: Pentatricopeptide Repeat Proteins with the DYW Motif Have Distinct Molecular Functions in RNA Editing and RNA Cleavage in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts. The Plant Cell2009, 21:146-156.[MINI-PAM]
32.Oñate M, Munné-Bosch S: Influence of plant maturity, shoot reproduction and sex on vegetative growth in the dioecious plantUrtica dioica. Annals of Botany2009, 104(5):945-956.[MINI-PAM]
33.Pembleton KG, Rawnsley RP, Donaghy DJ, Volenec JJ: Water Deficit Alters Canopy Structure but not Photosynthesis during the Regrowth of Alfalfa. Crop Science2009, 49:722-731.[MINI-PAM]
34.Prider J, Watling J, Facelli JM: Impacts of a native parasitic plant on an introduced and a native host species: implications for the control of an invasive weed. Annals of Botany2009, 103:107-115.[MINI-PAM]
35.Shi G, Cai Q: Leaf plasticity in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to heavy metal stress Environmental and Experimental Botany2009, 67(1):112-117.[MINI-PAM]
36.Shi G, Cai Q: Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in eight potential energy crops Biotechnology Advances2009, 27(5):555-561.[MINI-PAM]
37.Shi GR, Cai QS, Liu QQ, Wu L: Salicylic acid-mediated alleviation of cadmium toxicity in hemp plants in relation to cadmium uptake, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzymes Acta Physiologiae Plantarum2009, 31(5):969-977.[MINI-PAM]
38.Then C, Herbinger K, Luis VC, Heerdt C, Matyssek R, Wieser G: Photosynthesis, chloroplast pigments, and antioxidants in Pinus canariensis under free-air ozone fumigation Environmental Pollution2009, 157(2):392-395.[MINI-PAM]
39.Wu Y-Y, Liu C-Q, Li P-P, Wang J-Z, Xing D, Wang B-L: Photosynthetic characteristics involved in adaptability to Karst soil and alien invasion of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.) in comparison with mulberry (Morus alba L.) Photosynthetica2009, 47(1):155-160.[MINI-PAM]
40.Xu F, Guo W, Wang R, Xu W, Du N, Wang Y: Leaf movement and photosynthetic plasticity of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) alleviate stress under different light and water conditions Acta Physiologiae Plantarum2009, 31(3):553-563.[MINI-PAM]
41.Zhang H, Dong H, Li W, Sun Y, Chen S, Kong X: Increased glycine betaine synthesis and salinity tolerance inAhCMO transgenic cotton lines Molecular Breeding2009, 23(2):289-298.[MINI-PAM]
42.黄鹏云, 罗丽娟: 水稻矮杆鞘包穗突变体A846的叶绿素荧光特性研究. 中国农学通报2009, 25(12):122-125.[MINI-PAM]
43.纪建伟, 解飞, Harbinson J: LED激发光源叶绿素荧光参数在线监控系统. 农业工程学报2009, 25(4):145-149.[MINI-PAM]
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45.吕洪飞, 皮二旭, 王岚岚, 沈虹: 遮荫处理的白英光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性研究. 浙江师范大学学报2009, 32(1):1-6.[GFS-3000, MINI-PAM]
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49.Dai Y-J, Shao M-M, Hannaway D, Wang L-L, Liang J-P, Hua L, Lu H-F: Effect ofThrips tabaci on anatomical features, photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of Hypericum sampsonii leaves. Crop Science2008, 28(4):327-332.[GFS-3000, MINI-PAM]
50.Gomes FP, Oliva MA, Mielke MS, Almeida A-AFd, Leite HG, Aquino LA: Photosynthetic limitations in leaves of young Brazilian Green Dwarf coconut (Cocos nucifera L. ‘nana’) palm under well-watered conditions or recovering from drought stress Environmental and Experimental Botany2008, 62(3):195-204.[MINI-PAM]
51.Matsubara S, Krause GH, Seltmann M, Virgo A, Kursar TA, Jahns P, Winter K: Lutein epoxide cycle, light harvesting and photoprotection in species of the tropical tree genusInga. Plant Cell and Environment2008, 31(4):548-561.[MINI-PAM]
52.Matsuda R, Ohashi-Kaneko K, Fujiwara K, Kurata K: Effects of Blue Light Deficiency on Acclimation of Light Energy Partitioning in PSII and CO₂ Assimilation Capacity to High Irradiance in Spinach Leaves. Plant Cell Physiol2008, 49(4):664-670.[MINI-PAM]
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54.Okegawa Y, Kagawa Y, Kobayashi Y, Shikanai T: Characterization of Factors Affecting the Activity of Photosystem I Cyclic Electron Transport in Chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol2008, 49(5):825-834.[MINI-PAM]
55.Pang SJ, Shan TF, Zhang ZH: Responses of vegetative gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida to high irradiance in the process of gametogenesis. Phycological Research2008, 56(4):280-287.[MINI-PAM]
56.Read J, Wevill T, Fletcher T, Deletic A: Variation among plant species in pollutant removal from stormwater in biofiltration systems Water Research2008, 42(4-5):893-902.[MINI-PAM]
57.Sack L, Dietrich EM, Streeter CM, Sánchez-Gómez D, Holbrook NM: Leaf palmate venation and vascular redundancy confer tolerance of hydraulic disruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2008, 105:1567-1572.[MINI-PAM]
58.Sawada H, Shim I-S, Usui K, Kobayashi K, Fujihara S: Adaptive mechanism of Echinochloa crus-galli Beauv. var. formosensis Ohwi under salt stress: Effect of salicylic acid on salt sensitivity Plant Science2008, 174(6):583-589.[MINI-PAM]
59.Shimizu H, Peng L, Myouga F, Motohashi R, Shinozaki K, Shikanai T: CRR23/NdhL is a Subunit of the Chloroplast NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol2008, 49(5):835-842.[MINI-PAM]
60.Sienkiewicz-Porzucek A, Nunes-Nesi A, Sulpice R, Lisec J, Centeno DC, Carillo P, Leisse A, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Fernie AR: Mild Reductions in Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase Activity Result in a Compromised Nitrate Assimilation and Reduced Leaf Pigmentation But Have No Effect on Photosynthetic Performance or Growth. Plant Physiology2008, 147(1):115-127.[MINI-PAM]
61.Wang C-R, Yang A-F, Yue G-D, Gao Q, Yin H-Y, Zhang J-R: Enhanced expression of phospholipase C 1 ( ZmPLC1 ) improves drought tolerance in transgenic maize Planta2008, 227(5):1127-1140.[MINI-PAM]
62.Yunusa IAM, Manoharan V, DeSilva DL, Eamus D, Murray BR, Nissanka SP: Growth and Elemental Accumulation by Canola on Soil Amended with Coal Fly Ash. Journal of Environmental Quality2008, 37(3):1263-1270.[MINI-PAM]
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